1983 - PhD Embryonic Development, Glasgow University, UK
1980 - BA (1st Hons) Zoology, Oxford University, UK
1996 - MPH Statistics & Epidemiology Modules, University of Dundee, UK
1980 - PhD Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, UK
1977 - BSc (Biol Sci) (Hons) Pharmacology, University of Edinburgh, UK
2006 - MRCOphth, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, UK
2002 - MB BChir Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
2000 - BSc (Hons) Medical Biochemistry, University of Leeds, UK
1988 - PhD Biopsychology, University of Chicago, US
1976 - Royal Australasian College of Physicians - admitted as a Fellow
1970 - MBBS, University of Western Australia, Australia
1974 - PhD Biochemistry, Colorado State University
1968 - MS Physical Chemistry, Yale University
1968 - BA Chemistry, Hartwick College
2009 - MBA Master of Business Administration, INSEAD
2003 - MRCP (UK) Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, UK
1999 - MB ChB Medicine, University of Birmingham School of Medicine, UK